Abstract

This review provides an in-depth examination of the interplay between caste hierarchies and educational access in India, revealing how entrenched systemic inequalities create significant barriers to educational opportunities and impede social mobility. It places particular emphasis on the adversities experienced by Dalits during the pandemic—a period that not only intensified existing educational disparities but also resulted in a marked increase in dropouts, as many students were forced to prioritize family economic needs over their formal education. The pandemic highlighted the vulnerabilities of marginalized groups, as remote learning became the norm. The shift toward digital education further exacerbated social exclusion, with disparities in access to technology becoming a critical determinant of educational continuity. This analysis underscores the crucial role that household education levels and socio-economic status play in shaping digital accessibility, revealing a stark divide between those who can navigate online learning environments and those who cannot. Moreover, the review seeks to illuminate the multifaceted nature of educational access during the pandemic by underpinning its arguments with data drawn from a variety of national and international reports. These data sources provide a comprehensive overview of the socio-economic factors that influence educational outcomes, thereby enhancing our understanding of the persistent inequalities that affect marginalized communities in India. Through this critical lens, the review advocates for targeted policy interventions aimed at addressing these disparities and fostering inclusivity within the educational system.