Abstract

While studies have extensively documented the environmental challenges and livelihood shifts affecting pastoralist and agropastoral groups, the accompanying sociocultural repercussions remain underexplored. This article examines the livelihood and sociocultural transformations experienced by the Dassanech pastoralists and agropastoralists under the combined pressures of drought and hydropower dam-induced hydrological changes. We used a qualitative research approach that involved key informant interviews, partial participant observations, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions alongside the analysis of existing secondary data. The finding reveals that droughts have significantly impacted livestock production, leading to both increased mortality and widespread distress sales. Large-scale development projects on the Omo River contributed to two adverse environmental changes: the disappearance of seasonal floods and the occurrence of unpredictable flooding events, both of which negatively affected flood-recession agriculture and livestock husbandry. The consequent livelihood strategy shifts included distress sales of livestock, increased risky mobility, adoption of unsustainable practices (e.g., charcoal production and fuelwood sales), and reliance on coping mechanisms such as food aid and begging. While fishing is emerging as a promising adaptation strategy, distress sales of livestock continue to be a dominant response to food insecurity. Furthermore, this study identified a significant erosion of indigenous sociocultural practices, including the Dimi ceremony, circumcision rites, and wedding ceremonies, all intrinsically linked to flood-recession agriculture and livestock husbandry. These ceremonies now feature reduced offerings and altered food cultures, reflecting a fundamental shift in Dassanech identity. The findings necessitate integrated interventions to mitigate the livelihood and sociocultural crises affecting the Dassanech community.