Testing intelligence and testing knowledge serve different purposes in education. Testing intelligence focuses on a person’s ability to think, reason, and solve new problems, while testing knowledge measures what a person has already learned from instruction or experience. Intelligence testing is appropriate when we want to understand a learner’s cognitive strengths, potential, or learning difficulties. Knowledge testing is suitable when evaluating mastery of lessons or academic progress. However, intelligence tests may be inappropriate for students from diverse cultural or language backgrounds, as they may not reflect true ability. Knowledge tests, on the other hand, may fail to show how well a learner can think critically or adapt to new situations