Recursive feedback refers to a learning process in which feedback is continuous, iterative, and looped back into learning, rather than given once at the end of a task. In this concept, learners use feedback to revise their work, reflect on their understanding, and try again—often multiple times—so that learning progresses through cycles of action → feedback → revision → reflection. Recursive feedback emphasizes learning over grading and positions feedback as part of knowledge construction, not merely evaluation.

This idea aligns with contemporary learning theory that views learning as non-linear and developmental, where understanding deepens through repeated engagement and adjustment (Hattie & Timperley, 2007; Cope & Kalantzis, 2017).

An examples of this is in a writing-focused online course, students submit a draft of an essay to a learning platform. Instead of receiving only a final grade, they receive:

Teacher comments focused on ideas and structure

Peer feedback through guided questions

Automated feedback on clarity or mechanics

Students then revise their work and resubmit it, responding explicitly to the feedback they received. This cycle may happen two or three times before final submission. Each round of feedback informs the next iteration, making learning recursive rather than one-directional.

Recursive feedback supports deeper learning because it:

- Encourages reflection and self-regulation
- Helps learners see mistakes as part of learning
- Shifts assessment from judgment to growth
- Supports active and transformative learning practices
- Rather than closing learning, feedback reopens it, allowing students to improve understanding over time.