Abstract

Organizational culture, strengths, and weaknesses in technical and vocational education and training (TVET) programs in middle-income countries across the globe can have a direct impact on the efficacy and effectiveness of the programs. This study used the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) 2020 guide on systematic reviews to discover the major factors influencing organizational culture within TVET systems. We also determined the strengths and weaknesses in TVET at the global level. Utilizing the Google Scholar, Web of Science, and SCOPUS databases, this systematic literature review examined 610 articles from 2012 to 2022, with thirty-five relevant research articles identified. The findings reveal that the major factors influencing organizational culture within TVET systems in Africa, Asia, and Europe from 2012 to 2022 include funding and deficiencies in management policy, psychology, and entrepreneurship. They also show that TVET programs were strengthened by several factors, including enhanced socio-economic development, use of effective pedagogical approaches, organizational culture for innovative ideas, effective collaboration, community engagement, and inclusivity. In the same manner, the notable weaknesses of the programs include insufficient academic support, weak institutional setups, absence of entrepreneurship education at TVET institutions, the lack of state-of-the-art equipment, and weak participation of stakeholders. The findings underscore that adequate funding is a paramount requirement, accompanied by management policy, psychology, entrepreneurship, career counseling, leadership thinking, and skill development. The discovered weaknesses adversely impact the TVET programs, the performance of trainees, and the industries employing them. The study was limited by its reliance on literature available and the methodology centered on literature review, which might not capture the full complexity of TVET programs.