Intelligence tests are designed to measure a person’s cognitive abilities, problem-solving skills, and reasoning. One common example is the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), which assesses verbal comprehension, working memory, and processing...More

In my own experience as a learner and observer in classrooms, I’ve come to realize that thinking doesn’t only happen “inside our heads.” Learning becomes deeper when it happens with others through sharing ideas, solving problems together, and listen...More

Educational psychology plays a vital role in understanding how students learn by connecting theories of behavior, cognition, and motivation to real classroom experiences. One concept that stands out to me is the idea of productive struggle, it is...More

Dorothy Espelage’s research helped me understand how deeply social and emotional conditions influence learning. When students experience bullying, exclusion, or a lack of emotional support, their ability to focus, participate, and perform academical...More

1. Introduction

Behaviorism, one of the foundational theories in educational psychology, emphasizes observable behavior over internal mental processes. B.F. Skinner, one of the key exponents, argued that behavior is shaped by external stimuli and r...More

The learning sciences are an interdisciplinary field that studies how people learn and how to design environments that support effective learning. They bring together research and methods from psychology, education, neuroscience, computer science, s...More

Aside from bullying at school, another socio-behavioral learning area worth considering is school connectedness or sense of school belonging. Students who feel connected to school - i.e., who believe adults and peers care about their learning and ab...More